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>> SO RIGHT NOW, WE ARE

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PLANNING TO SEND HUMANS

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FIRST TO THE MOON,

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AND THEN ON TO MARS.

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SO THERE'S A BIG DIFFERENCE

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IN THE KIND OF RADIATION

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THAT WE ENCOUNTER ON EARTH

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VERSUS WHAT WE ENCOUNTER

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IN SPACE.

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IT'S VERY IMPORTANT

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THAT WE PREPARE FOR THIS NOW.

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PROTECTING ASTRONAUTS

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HAS ALWAYS BEEN

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NASA'S NUMBER ONE PRIORITY.

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[ MUSIC ]

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WHAT WE ENCOUNTER ON EARTH

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IS RADIATION THAT'S BASICALLY

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A FORM OF LIGHT--

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HIGH ENERGY LIGHT.

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IN SPACE, HOWEVER,

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WE HAVE ATOMS--

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NOT PARTICLES OF LIGHT,

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BUT ATOMS, STRIPPED OF

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THEIR ELECTRONS, MOVING AT

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FRACTIONS OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

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>> OUR SUN IS A VERY ACTIVE

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BODY, AND WE MONITOR OUR SUN

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FOR SOLAR FLARES.

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COMPARING WHAT THE GENERAL

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POPULATION WOULD RECEIVE FROM

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NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION,

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IF YOU WERE A CREW MEMBER

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IN DEEP SPACE, YOU WOULD BE

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RECEIVING 50 TO 60 TIMES

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WHAT WE RECEIVE DAILY

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ON EARTH.

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OUR UNIVERSE IS VAST,

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AND GALACTIC COSMIC RADIATION

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IS GENERATED OUTSIDE OF

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OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.

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PARTICLES ARE ACCELERATED IN

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FROM ALL DIRECTIONS

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INTO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM THAT

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ARE MOVING VERY, VERY QUICKLY

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UP TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

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AT THE NASA SPACE RADIATION

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RESEARCH LAB, WE'RE ABLE

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TO SIMULATE THE PARTICLES

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AND THE COMPONENTS OF

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THE GALACTIC COSMIC RADIATION.

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THE PARTICLES ARE ACCELERATED

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TO HIGH ENERGIES.

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WE STUDY THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS.

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FOR EXAMPLE, THE RADIATION

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IN SPACE CAN CAUSE

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COMPLEX DOUBLE STRAND BREAKS

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TO OUR DNA.

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PHYSICALLY, WE'RE GOING TO

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PROTECT OUR CREW MEMBERS

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WITH SHIELDING.

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WE HAVE SHELTERS TO PROTECT

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THE CREW MEMBERS FROM

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SOLAR PARTICLE FLARES,

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MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES,

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WHICH CAN INCLUDE DIETARY

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COUNTERMEASURES

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AND EVEN SLEEP AND EXERCISE

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TO HELP MITIGATE THESE EFFECTS.

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>> SO THIS IS THE KIND OF

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RESEARCH WE NEED TO DO

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TO ENSURE THE SAFETY AND HEALTH

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AND THE WELL-BEING OF OUR CREWS

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AS WE GO TO THE MOON